Multiple Choice
Identify the
choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Which of the following is least descriptive of the
hypothalamus?
a. | Secretes releasing hormones | b. | Controls the secretion of the anterior pituitary
gland | c. | Secretes ACTH, TSH, and
gonadotropins | d. | Synthesizes
oxytocin and ADH |
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2.
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T3, T4, and calcitonin
are
a. | secreted by the thyroid
gland. | b. | secreted by the parathyroid
glands. | c. | secreted in response to declining plasma levels of
calcium. | d. | steroids. |
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3.
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Insulin and glucagon
a. | are secreted by the beta cells of the islets of
Langerhans. | b. | elevate blood
glucose levels. | c. | are secreted in
response to declining plasma levels of glucose. | d. | are secreted by
the pancreas and are concerned with the regulation of blood
glucose. |
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4.
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The islets of Langerhans
a. | are cells found in the
adenohypophysis. | b. | secrete insulin
and glucagon. | c. | secrete
steroids. | d. | secrete releasing
hormones. |
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5.
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Steroids
a. | are secreted by the adrenal
medulla. | b. | include the glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and
androgens. | c. | stimulate the
membranes of the target cells to produce the second chemical messenger,
cAMP. | d. | are secreted by the
pancreas. |
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6.
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The adrenal medulla
a. | is controlled primarily by
ACTH. | b. | secretes steroids. | c. | is part of the fight-or-flight response. | d. | secretes iodine-containing hormones. |
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7.
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Iodine-containing hormones
a. | include thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH). | b. | are secreted by the hypothalamus as releasing
hormones. | c. | are steroids. | d. | regulate the metabolic rate. |
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8.
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and
oxytocin
a. | are secreted by the
neurohypophysis. | b. | are
mineralocorticoids. | c. | are secreted by
the islets of Langerhans. | d. | stimulate the
kidney to excrete Na+ and water. |
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9.
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Portal capillaries carry releasing hormones from
the brain to the
a. | neurohypophysis. | b. | pancreas. | c. | anterior pituitary
gland. | d. | posterior pituitary
gland. |
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10.
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Which of the following is the response to low
plasma levels of calcium?
a. | Secretion of calcitonin | b. | Secretion of the beta cells of the islets of
Langerhans | c. | Inhibition of the
adenohypophyseal release of ACTH | d. | Secretion of
PTH |
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11.
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What is the stimulus for the release of
insulin?
a. | Low plasma levels of calcium | b. | High plasma levels of potassium | c. | High plasma levels of glucose | d. | Low blood volume |
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12.
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The adenohypophysis
a. | secretes ADH and oxytocin. | b. | refers to the anterior pituitary gland. | c. | secretes releasing hormones. | d. | secretes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and
androgens. |
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13.
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Which gland secretes TSH, ACTH, and growth
hormone?
a. | Neurohypophysis | b. | Pancreas | c. | Adrenal
medulla | d. | Anterior pituitary
gland |
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14.
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The adrenal cortex
a. | is the target gland of ACTH. | b. | secretes catecholamines. | c. | is an extension of
the sympathetic nervous system. | d. | secretes ADH and
oxytocin. |
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15.
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Which gland is associated with “sugar, salt,
and sex?”
a. | Adrenal cortex | b. | Pancreas | c. | Parathyroid
gland | d. | Neurohypophysis |
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16.
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Which of the following is least associated with the
adrenal medulla?
a. | Catecholamines | b. | Epinephrine and norepinephrine | c. | Fight-or-flight response | d. | Sugar, salt, and
sex |
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17.
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Catecholamines
a. | include cortisol, aldosterone, and
testosterone. | b. | are secreted by
the adrenal cortex. | c. | lower plasma
glucose levels. | d. | include
epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine. |
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18.
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland
a. | is called a goiter. | b. | causes Addisonian crisis. | c. | makes a person appear cushingoid. | d. | causes hypocalcemic tetany. |
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19.
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“Sugar, salt, and sex” is descriptive
of
a. | ACTH, TSH, and somatotropic
hormone. | b. | cortisol, aldosterone, and
testosterone. | c. | epinephrine,
norepinephrine, and estrogen. | d. | insulin, glucagon,
and cortisol. |
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20.
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Insulin, cortisol, thyroxine, and
oxytocin
a. | are hypothalamic-releasing
hormones. | b. | are secreted by the
adenohypophysis. | c. | increase blood
glucose levels. | d. | are
hormones. |
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21.
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Lactogenic hormone
a. | is also called
oxytocin. | b. | is a
gonadotropin. | c. | stimulates the
mammary glands to make milk. | d. | exerts its
greatest effect on the gonads. |
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22.
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Which of the following is not controlled by a
hypothalamic-releasing hormone?
a. | ACTH | b. | ADH | c. | Growth
hormone | d. | Prolactin |
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23.
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Growth hormone
a. | is secreted by the
adenohypophysis. | b. | stimulates growth
of the musculoskeletal system. | c. | is also called
somatotropic hormone. | d. | All of the above
are true. |
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24.
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Estrogen, progesterone, and
testosterone
a. | are feminizing hormones. | b. | induce virilization. | c. | are secreted by
the gonads. | d. | are secreted by
the adenohypophysis. |
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25.
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Testosterone is best described as
a. | virilizing. | b. | lactogenic. | c. | adenohypophyseal. | d. | pancreatic. |
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26.
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Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
a. | are both secreted by the parathyroid
glands. | b. | increase plasma levels of
calcium. | c. | decrease plasma levels of
calcium. | d. | control plasma levels of
calcium. |
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27.
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Which of the following structures connects the
hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis?
a. | Islets of Langerhans | b. | Portal capillaries | c. | Corpus
callosum | d. | Medulla oblongata |
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28.
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Which of the following hormones are found within
the hypophyseal-hypothalamic portal capillaries?
a. | Gonadotropins | b. | Releasing hormones | c. | Catecholamines | d. | Mineralocorticoids |
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29.
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A deficiency of insulin causes
a. | hypocalcemia. | b. | hyperglycemia. | c. | Cushing’s
syndrome. | d. | adrenal shock. |
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30.
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Oxytocin
a. | is a neurohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the
uterine muscle to contract, thereby assisting in labor. | b. | is a gonadotropin. | c. | stimulates the
kidney to reabsorb Na+ and water, thereby expanding blood
volume. | d. | is a
mineralocorticoid. |
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31.
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Which of the following is most descriptive of
cAMP?
a. | Second chemical messenger | b. | Catecholamine that contributes to the fight-or-flight
response | c. | Steroid | d. | Releasing hormone |
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32.
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TSH
a. | stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete
calcitonin. | b. | is secreted by the
neurohypophysis. | c. | stimulates the
hypothalamus to secrete TRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone. | d. | is secreted by the anterior pituitary
gland. |
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33.
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The only hormone that lowers blood glucose levels
is
a. | glucagon. | b. | insulin. | c. | epinephrine. | d. | cortisol. |
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34.
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PTH
a. | lowers plasma calcium. | b. | stimulates osteoclastic activity. | c. | is an iodine-containing hormone. | d. | stimulates osteoblastic activity and causes blood calcium levels to
increase. |
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35.
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Insulin
a. | is secreted by the beta cells of the islets of
Langerhans. | b. | is secreted by the
liver. | c. | raises blood glucose levels. | d. | is released by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose
levels. |
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36.
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ACTH stimulates the
a. | hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone
(CRH). | b. | adenohypophysis to secrete
cortisol. | c. | adrenal cortex to secrete
cortisol. | d. | adrenal medulla to secrete
glucagon. |
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37.
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The secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland
suppresses further secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland. What is this interaction
called?
a. | Cerebral lateralization | b. | Circadian rhythm | c. | Cellular
differentiation | d. | Negative feedback
control |
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38.
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Which of the following steroids is an
androgen?
a. | Progesterone | b. | Testosterone | c. | Estrogen | d. | Aldosterone |
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39.
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Which of the following is a function of parathyroid
hormone?
a. | It causes the excretion of calcium in the
urine. | b. | It stimulates osteoblastic activity to form
bone. | c. | It stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete
calcitonin. | d. | It increases
plasma levels of calcium. |
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40.
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Hypocalcemic tetany
a. | causes a flaccid paralysis. | b. | resembles neuromuscular blockade by curare. | c. | may be caused by a deficiency of PTH. | d. | is caused by a deficiency of insulin. |
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41.
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The neurohypophysis
a. | is the anterior pituitary
gland. | b. | secretes ACTH, TSH, and the
gonadotropins. | c. | secretes the
releasing hormones. | d. | is the posterior
pituitary gland. |
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42.
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What is the most likely effect of a deficiency of
aldosterone?
a. | High blood pressure | b. | Low level of potassium in the blood | c. | Low blood volume and hypotension | d. | Goiter formation |
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43.
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Which gland secretes melatonin and is concerned
with our biologic rhythms?
a. | Pancreas | b. | Adenohypophysis | c. | Pineal
gland | d. | Adrenal gland |
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44.
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The person with _____ is most likely to receive
insulin therapy.
a. | myxedema | b. | Graves’ disease | c. | diabetes
insipidus | d. | hyperglycemia |
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45.
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The hypersecretion of which hormone is least likely
to cause hyperglycemia?
a. | Cortisol | b. | Growth hormone | c. | Insulin | d. | Epinephrine
(adrenalin) |
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46.
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Which of the following is most likely to cause the
secretion of calcitonin?
a. | Hypocalcemia | b. | Hyperglycemia | c. | Dehydration | d. | Elevated plasma
calcium level |
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47.
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Ketoacidosis is most related to
a. | adrenocortical insufficiency. | b. | Cushing’s syndrome. | c. | excess fatty acid catabolism. | d. | hyperglycemia. |
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48.
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Which of the following is characterized by low
blood volume?
a. | Cushing’s syndrome | b. | Tetany | c. | Diabetes
insipidus | d. | Oversecretion of
ACTH |
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49.
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Bronzing
a. | always accompanies
hyperglycemia. | b. | is the most
prominent symptom of Cushing’s syndrome. | c. | is characteristic
of chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease). | d. | is a consequence of ADH insufficiency. |
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50.
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Insulin
a. | stimulates the formation of
glycogen. | b. | increases the transport of glucose into a
cell. | c. | stimulates the synthesis of proteins and
fats. | d. | All of the above are
true. |
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51.
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Obesity
a. | antagonizes insulin. | b. | elevates blood glucose levels. | c. | causes Na+ and water reabsorption, thereby increasing blood
pressure. | d. | All of the above are
true. |
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52.
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Excess secretion of epinephrine
a. | relieves anxiety. | b. | stimulates the synthesis of glycogen. | c. | elevates blood glucose levels. | d. | slows heart rate and lowers blood
pressure. |
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53.
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Kussmaul respirations occur in response
to
a. | hyperglycemia. | b. | metabolic acidosis. | c. | a pH of
7.48. | d. | dehydration. |
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54.
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Which of the following is most responsive to
treatment with thyroxine?
a. | Diabetes mellitus | b. | Hyperglycemia | c. | Myxedema | d. | Graves’
disease |
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55.
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Which gland secretes two hormones; one hormone
elevates blood glucose levels and the second hormone decreases blood glucose levels?
a. | Adrenal cortex | b. | Adenohypophysis | c. | Thyroid | d. | Pancreas |
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56.
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Iodine, colloid, and goiter
refer to which gland?
a. | Pancreas | b. | Parathyroid | c. | Thyroid | d. | Neurohypophysis |
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57.
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An excessive growth of hair in locations where hair
growth in women is normally minimal is known as
a. | a goitrogenic effect. | b. | addisonian crisis. | c. | myxedema. | d. | hirsutism. |
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58.
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Which group is incorrect?
a. | Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland: ACTH,
prolactin, TSH, growth hormone | b. | Hormones of the
posterior pituitary gland: ADH, oxytocin | c. | Steroids:
cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, epinephrine | d. | Secretions of the gonads: estrogen, progesterone,
testosterone |
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59.
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Which group is incorrect?
a. | Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland: ACTH,
prolactin, TSH, oxytocin | b. | Steroids:
cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone | c. | Secretions of the
gonads: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone | d. | Hormones secreted
by the thyroid gland: T3, T4, calcitonin |
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60.
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Which of the following is true of the
hypothalamus?
a. | Secretes releasing hormones into the portal
capillaries | b. | Composed of
glandular tissue | c. | Called the
adenohypophysis | d. | Connected to the
neurohypophysis by the portal capillaries |
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61.
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The anterior pituitary gland
a. | is called the
neurohypophysis. | b. | releases ADH and
oxytocin. | c. | secretes releasing hormones. | d. | is connected to the hypothalamus by the portal
capillaries. |
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62.
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ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins are
a. | hypothalamic-releasing
hormones. | b. | secreted by the
neurohypophysis. | c. | “aimed
at” the adrenal cortex. | d. | tropic
hormones. |
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63.
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The adrenal medulla
a. | is an extension of the “feed-and-breed”
division of the autonomic nervous system. | b. | secretes
epinephrine and norepinephrine. | c. | secretes
steroids. | d. | causes Cushing’s syndrome when it is
overactive. |
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64.
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Aldosterone
a. | is a mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal
cortex. | b. | functions in the regulation of blood glucose
levels. | c. | stimulates the kidney to excrete sodium and reabsorb
potassium. | d. | All of the above
are true. |
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65.
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The pancreas
a. | secretes steroids that are concerned with sugar, salt,
and sex. | b. | is controlled by the
adenohypophysis. | c. | secretes hormones
that affect blood glucose levels. | d. | secretes
iodine-containing hormones that regulate the basal metabolic
rate. |
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66.
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Which of the following best describes the function
of insulin?
a. | Lowers blood glucose levels | b. | Stimulates cells to make glucose (gluconeogenesis) | c. | Deficiency causes diabetes insipidus | d. | Decreases blood volume |
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67.
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As plasma levels of calcium decrease
a. | insulin is secreted. | b. | the parathyroid glands secrete an osteoclastic
hormone. | c. | the kidneys excrete calcium and
phosphorus. | d. | calcitonin is
secreted. |
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68.
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Hypocalcemic tetany is
a. | a consequence of a deficiency of
calcitonin. | b. | caused by a lack
of TSH. | c. | caused by osteoclastic
activity. | d. | develops in response to a deficiency of parathyroid
activity. |
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69.
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T3 and T4
a. | stimulate the adenohypophysis to secrete
TSH. | b. | regulate the basal metabolic rate
(BMR). | c. | stimulate osteoclastic activity, thereby elevating
plasma calcium levels. | d. | All of the above
are true. |
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70.
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Which of the following suppresses the secretion of
ACTH?
a. | Elevated blood glucose levels | b. | Dietary iodine | c. | Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) | d. | Elevated plasma cortisol levels |
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71.
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Glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, and
epinephrine
a. | are all secreted by the adrenal
gland. | b. | expand blood volume. | c. | raise blood glucose levels. | d. | stimulate osteoclastic activity. |
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72.
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Which of the following is descriptive of
prolactin?
a. | Secreted by the posterior pituitary
gland | b. | Also called lactogenic
hormone | c. | Causes the milk
let-down reflex | d. | Stimulates the
neurohypophysis to synthesize oxytocin |
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73.
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Which of the following is concerned with
“sugar, salt, and sex”?
a. | Epinephrine, norepinephrine,
adrenalin | b. | Glucagon, insulin, thymosin | c. | ICSH, FSH, LH | d. | Glucocorticoid,
mineralocorticoid, androgen |
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74.
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A deficiency of dietary iodine
a. | lowers plasma calcium levels. | b. | causes low blood volume and shock. | c. | decreases the synthesis of calcitonin. | d. | causes a goiter. |
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75.
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Which of the following is not a function of
insulin?
a. | Lowering blood glucose levels | b. | Synthesis of protein | c. | Hepatic
gluconeogenesis | d. | Fatty acid
synthesis |
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76.
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A deficiency of ADH is most likely to
a. | elevate blood glucose levels. | b. | cause diabetes mellitus. | c. | induce
polyuria. | d. | expand blood
volume. |
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77.
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Hyperglycemia
a. | is caused by excess insulin. | b. | causes glucosuria and polyuria. | c. | causes hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. | d. | is characteristic of adrenal
insufficiency. |
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78.
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Cushing’s syndrome
a. | may be caused by steroid (prednisone)
therapy. | b. | is caused by adrenal
insufficiency. | c. | is characterized
by hypoglycemia and low blood volume. | d. | is treated with
growth hormone. |
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79.
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Abrupt, sudden withdrawal of prednisone (cortisol)
is most likely to cause
a. | Cushing’s syndrome. | b. | hypocalcemic tetany. | c. | diabetes
insipidus. | d. | acute adrenal
insufficiency. |
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80.
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Virilization is characterized by
a. | hirsutism. | b. | buffalo hump. | c. | truncal
obesity. | d. | gonadal atrophy. |
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